论文摘要怎么写英文版( 四 ) _英文版

通过以上分析之后，相信大家现在能清楚地把握如何撰写一篇英语论文的摘要。英语论文摘要在论文中起到至关重要的作用，它通过对研究论文内容简要、准确而不加任何注释或评论的概括性陈述，以架起了读者和作者之间最快速的沟通桥梁。
我们要写好英语论文摘要，让读者在极短的时间内了解论文的概貌和价值所在。
6. 论文英文摘要怎么写 Abstract in the economic integration across the world in twenty-first Century, the market competition is no longer the single enterprise's competition, but the alliance between the competition, is the competition between supply chains. In the first, the second profit source to obtain cost reduce the increasingly small space today, more and more enterprises begin to put the third source of profit, logistics cost, as the enterprise management activity important fields, turn their eyes to the integrated logistics cost reduction. Therefore, clearly under the environment of supply chain logistics cost and control target is necessary. With the development of the supply chain management as a starting point, to the whole supply chain as the research object, introduces the supply chain management and logistics cost, and the analysis of enterprise logistics cost composition and the control way, and in the light of our country high logistics cost of this one current situation, discussed enterprise under the condition of Supply Chain Based on inventory, transportation cost, management cost and other aspects of the control, thus effectively reducing the logistics cost method and way. Key words: supply chain; supply chain management; logistics cost; cost; cost control 。
7. 论文摘要怎么翻译成英文摘要~~~ The word euphemism Euphemism is Greek, comes from the Greek prefix eu=well and root pheme=speaking. Euphemism is rather a social linguistic phenomenon, be inferior to saying is a kind of cultural phenomenon. Language is the carrier of thought, is the epitome of social culture. As a language tool, euphemism is rich in cultural connotations, carrying the social structure, the national psychology, religious culture and other aspects of a nation. However, Chinese and English belong to two completely different style of the language, its background, culture, customs and other aspects of thinking, there exist various differences. Therefore, in both English and Chinese Euphemisms in also exist certain differences.
Euphemism is not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a cultural phenomenon. There are two English language in a large number of euphemism, because of differences between Chinese and Western culture, so Chinese and English euphemism as a kind of cultural phenomenon also show some differences. In recent years, there are many angles and many domestic and foreign scholars from linguistics, culture, rhetoric of the related research on euphemism. Death euphemism as an organic component of euphemism, has received extensive attention. English and Chinese Euphemism of death in many aspects such as culture, history, there are similarities and differences points. In this paper, through the comparative study of English and Chinese Euphemism of death is certain, the language features of English and Chinese euphemism and death and the representation of culture have a better understanding of the. The contents of this paper are as follows: the first part mainly introduces the definition, function of euphemism; the second part focuses on the analysis of the similarities and differences between Chinese and western of death euphemism, and the deep-seated reasons of the similarities and differences; the third part has carried on the summary to the full text.
8. 英文论文摘要部分怎么写 (Abstract) 也成为内容提要，通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要，其位置应放在论文的正文之前，对整个论文内容的概述.无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言，摘要都是一个非常重要的文件. 摘要如果和论文一起发表，则被称为一次性出版物摘要，主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用，使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容.除此之外，摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如：生物学文摘（Biological Abstract）、化学文摘（Chemical Abstract）等、称为二次性出版物摘要.此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息，帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域. 一、摘要的定义摘要的英文术语：有两个词汇，一个是 abstract，一个是 summary.根据美国国家标准学会（American National Standard Institute）于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》（American National Standard for Writing Abstracts）规定，Abstract 不应与 summary 混同. Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备，或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要.文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇.字数通常在100~150个词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%（有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%）.现在越来越多的用法是 abstract. 尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用 abstract 这个术语，在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词. Summary （概要）与 abstract 无明显差别.严格地说，summary 一般附在论文的后面，对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述.其前提是读者已经通读过全文，通过 summary 来巩固论文的主要论点和成果.在某些论文中，用 summary 取代正文中的 conclusion 部分. Summary 是论文的"缩影"，可以概括论文的全部内容，只是在删繁就简上下功夫，字数长短不一，少则两三句话，多则500个单词甚至更长.美国的一些高等学校规定，硕士论文提要（summary）以250词左右为宜，而博士论文题要以350词左右为宜.国际会议论文的提要一般规定为300 ~ 500 词或 1000 个印刷符号. 至于究竟要采用什么形式，要根据征稿而定. 一般说来，国际学术会议论文及要求按 Summary 方式来写摘要，而正式出版发行的刊物要修不尽一致.对于个别论文还见有前面为 Abstract，结尾又有一个Summary ，这多半是由于文章过长，内容有多，后面的 Summary 相当于该文的缩写. 二、摘要的种类摘要分为两类，一类是说明性摘要（Descriptive/ Indicative Abstract），一类是资料性（Informative Abstract）摘要. 1. 说明性摘要（Descriptive / Indicative Abstract）如同迈克尔.艾利（Michael Alley）所说，"一篇说明性摘要是段落形式的目录，使读者手中的一份简要地图."从这句话中可以清楚地了解说明性摘要的作用.说明性摘要指向读者指出论文的主要议题是什么，不涉及具体的研究方法和结果，但无法给读者提供更多的详细信息.它一般是用于综述性文章，也用于讨论、评论性文章，尤以介绍某学科近期发展动态的论文居多，常出现"… is studied"、"…is discussed" 字样.时态多用现在时或现在完成时.其篇幅也较短，大多在100 ~ 150 字之间.以下是一篇说明性摘要的样例. Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult forms. 由于说明性摘要仅限于陈述论文的主要论题且篇幅较小，主要用于评述性的论文. 2. 资料性摘要（Informative Abstract）资料性摘要的优点是比说明性摘要能提供多的多的信息，它应该尽量完整和准确地体现原文的具体内容，特别强调指出研究的方法和结果、结论等.其篇幅较长，大多在150 ~250 字之间.根据原文长度，也有多达500字的.通常，这类的摘要反映了论文的基本面貌，能够代替阅读论文全文. Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult forms. The breeding of flies is controlled by proper disposal of decaying organic matter, and of mosquitoes by destroying or draining pools, or spraying them with oil. For rats, only the indirect methods of rat-resistant houses and protected food supplies are valuable. Control of adult forms of both insects and rodens requires use of poisons. Screens are used for insects. Minnows can be planted to eat mosquito larvae. 三、如何写摘要 1. 摘要的位置摘要的位置是确定的，一般在作者工作单位的下方.如： Cultural Differences Between China and U.S.A （标题） Xu Ying （署名） Hunan University (Changsha, Hunan, 410082) （工作单位） Abstract：（摘要） Key words：（关键词） 2. 写作要点（1）长度：有专家认为150 ~ 200 个词之间；文章长度的五分之一. 有些刊物会规定摘要的篇。